Study Finds Greater Income Inequality in Nation’s Thriving Cities

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Coca-Cola’s Net Income Rises Despite a Drop in Revenue

Muhtar A. Kent, the chief executive of the world’s largest soft drink company, said in a conference call with analysts and investors that Coca-Cola would proceed by investing in its brands and seeking acquisitions.

“There’s some headwind in emerging markets, but we believe they are very temporary” because the middle class in those countries is growing, he said.

In the third quarter, Coca-Cola’s net income rose 6 percent to $2.45 billion, or 54 cents a share, from $2.31 billion, or 50 cents a share, a year earlier.

Excluding one-time items, the company reported earnings of 53 cents a share, in line with the expectations of analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters.

Revenue fell 3 percent, to $12.03 billion from $12.34 billion, slightly below analysts’ estimates of $12.05 billion. The decline was largely a result of weaker-than-expected currencies in many emerging markets and the costs of revamping bottling operations in Brazil and the Philippines.

Coca-Cola’s chief financial officer, Gary P. Fayard, said he expected currency weaknesses to lower operating income by 5 to 6 percent in the fourth quarter.

A Morningstar analyst, Thomas Mullarkey, said he was encouraged by Coke’s global growth, which reached 2 percent overall, as well as the popularity of the Coca-Cola brand in North America.

“Soda is not doing great overall in the U.S.,” he said, “but the Coke brand is the leading soda brand, and so the company continues to push it forward.”

Mr. Kent said the Coke brand was resilient, helping the company deliver a record 181 billion beverage servings in the quarter.

In North America, sales volume increased 2 percent overall, largely because of the strong performance of Coke’s nonsoda offerings. Sales of noncarbonated drinks like juices and bottled water rose 5 percent, and teas, which include Honest Tea and Fuze, had double-digit percentage growth. Sales of sparkling drinks in the region were flat.

U.S. Consumer Spending Rises as Wages Lift Family Income

American families spent 0.3 percent more last month than the month before, which was in line with expectations, Commerce Department data showed on Friday.

Higher wages drove incomes up 0.4 percent, the most since February. Analysts said the increase could drive faster spending in the months ahead.

Rising wages and spending also appeared to give businesses a little more leverage to raise prices, with inflation outside food and energy picking up in August. That could bolster the case for the U.S. Federal Reserve to move forward with winding down a bond-buying stimulus program.

"This acceleration in core inflation will likely be encouraging to the Fed," said Millan Mulraine, an economist at TD Securities in New York.

The data backs the view that tax hikes and federal budget cuts are dragging on the economy less as the year goes on. Washington increased tax rates in January and slashed the federal budget in March.

But Wall Street and the Fed have appeared increasingly concerned that political gridlock in Washington could trigger a government shutdown next week and perhaps a debt default after mid-October, either of which could deliver blows to the economy.

Worries about the future are also rising among families.

U.S. consumer sentiment slid in September to its lowest level in five months as Americans saw higher interest rates and sluggish economic growth ahead, according to the final reading of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan's consumer survey.

The data had little impact on sentiment among investors, who remain preoccupied with the potential for fiscal crises. U.S. stocks fell and the dollar closed in on a seven-month low.

SOME BRIGHT SIGNS

The data from last month, however, was modestly upbeat.

Even after taking into account tax bills and price increases, incomes rose in August by the most since March.

"The pick-up in income growth in August suggests that consumption growth may even accelerate in the fourth quarter," said Paul Ashworth, an economist at Capital Economics in Toronto.

Indeed, the recent gains in consumer spending, while still modest, appear to have stopped a worrisome cooling of inflation.

Economists warn that if inflation runs too low an economic shock could tip the economy into a spiral of falling prices and wages.

Core prices, stripping out volatile food and energy prices, rose 0.2 percent in August, up from a 0.1 percent gain in July, according to the Fed's favored gauge.

Analysts pointed out that annualized readings for core inflation over the past few months now appear to be trending higher, suggesting a turning point may have been reached.

Still, annual inflation is lower than it was at the start of the year, according to both headline and core measures. These both came in at 1.2 percent in August, well below the Fed's 2 percent target.

(Reporting by Jason Lange; Additional reporting by Luciana Lopez in New York; Editing by Krista Hughes)

Economix Blog: Why Labor’s Share of Income Is Falling

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Datapoints: Income Gap Grows Wider (and Faster)

The median wage is straightforward: it’s the midpoint of everyone’s wages. Interpreting the average, though, can be tricky. If the income of a handful of people soars while everyone else’s remains the same, the entire group’s average may still rise substantially. So when average wages grow faster than the median, as happened from 2009 through 2011, it means that lower earners are falling further behind those at the top.

One way to see the acceleration in inequality is to look at the ratio of average to median annual wages. From 2001 through 2008, during the George W. Bush administration, that ratio grew at 0.28 percentage point per year. From 2009 through 2011, the latest year for which the data is available, the ratio increased 1.14 percentage points annually, or roughly four times faster.

The reasons for the widening income gap aren’t entirely clear. Yes, the nation has had a big recession, but recessions typically tend to lessen inequality rather than increase it.

“We’re seeing the continued effects of the weak labor market and the long-term trends involving technology and globalization,” said Lawrence Katz, an economics professor at Harvard, “Our self-inflicted wounds from austerity are also exacerbating things.”

It’s always possible that the data for 2012 will show a narrowing of the gap, but Professor Katz says he wouldn’t count on it.

Consumer Spending and Income Rose a Faint 0.1% in July

After rising 0.3 percent in June, income was held back in part by steep government spending cuts that reduced federal workers’ salaries. Overall wages and salaries tumbled $21.8 billion from June, with a third of the decline coming from forced furloughs of federal workers.

Consumers cut their spending on long-lasting manufactured goods, like cars and appliances. Overall spending had risen 0.6 percent in June.

The tepid gains suggested economic growth was off to a weak start for the quarter.

A measure of consumer confidence slipped this month from a six-year high in July, as Americans expressed less optimism about the coming months. Americans said they were less confident that the job market would improve, but more confident that their income would rise.

Consumer spending drives roughly 70 percent of economic activity. So the weak spending report led some economists to sound a more pessimistic note on growth in the current quarter.

“This is a disappointing report on a number of levels,” said James Marple, senior economist at TD Economics. “Prospects for a pickup in economic growth in the third quarter hinge on a broad-based acceleration in spending by households and business to offset the ongoing drag from government. The data for the first month of the quarter are not following this script.”

Several analysts said that economic growth was unlikely to match the 2.5 percent annual rate reported Thursday for the April-June quarter. That was more than twice the growth rate in the first quarter and far above an initial estimate of a 1.7 percent rate for April through June.

The Federal Reserve will consider the latest data at its September meeting, when it decides whether to begin pulling back on its stimulus efforts. The most critical factor the Fed will weigh is the August employment report, due out next Friday.

Another concern is that rising interest rates could dampen consumer spending, particularly on homes and cars. Mortgage rates have already risen more than a full percentage point since May.

The small rise in spending was driven by a 0.9 percent gain in purchases of nondurable goods, like clothing. Purchases of durable goods like cars fell 0.2 percent, while money spent on services like utilities and doctor’s visits was unchanged in July.

A price gauge tied to consumer spending was up 0.1 percent in July compared to June. Prices excluding volatile food and energy are up just 1.4 percent compared to a year ago, significantly below the Federal Reserve’s 2 percent target for inflation.

Obama Says Income Gap Is Fraying U.S. Social Fabric

Upward mobility, Mr. Obama said in a 40-minute interview with The New York Times, “was part and parcel of who we were as Americans.”

“And that’s what’s been eroding over the last 20, 30 years, well before the financial crisis,” he added.

“If we don’t do anything, then growth will be slower than it should be. Unemployment will not go down as fast as it should. Income inequality will continue to rise,” he said. “That’s not a future that we should accept.”

A few days after the acquittal in the Trayvon Martin case prompted him to speak about being a black man in America, Mr. Obama said the country’s struggle over race would not be eased until the political process in Washington began addressing the fear of many people that financial stability is unattainable.

“Racial tensions won’t get better; they may get worse, because people will feel as if they’ve got to compete with some other group to get scraps from a shrinking pot,” Mr. Obama said. “If the economy is growing, everybody feels invested. Everybody feels as if we’re rolling in the same direction.”

Mr. Obama, who this fall will choose a new chairman of the Federal Reserve to share economic stewardship, expressed confidence that the trends could be reversed with the right policies.

The economy is “far stronger” than four years ago, he said, yet many people who write to him still do not feel secure about their future, even as their current situation recovers.

“That’s what people sense,” he said. “That’s why people are anxious. That’s why people are frustrated.”

During much of the interview, Mr. Obama was philosophical about historical and economic forces that he said were tearing at communities across the country. He noted at one point that he has in the Oval Office a framed copy of the original program from the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 50 years ago, when the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech.

He uses it, he said, to remind people “that was a march for jobs and justice; that there was a massive economic component to that. When you think about the coalition that brought about civil rights, it wasn’t just folks who believed in racial equality. It was people who believed in working folks having a fair shot.”

For decades after, Mr. Obama said, in places like Galesburg people “who wanted to find a job — they could go get a job.”

“They could go get it at the Maytag plant,” he said. “They could go get it with the railroad. It might be hard work, it might be tough work, but they could buy a house with it.”

Without a shift in Washington to encourage growth over “damaging” austerity, he added, not only would the middle class shrink, but in turn, contentious issues like trade, climate change and immigration could become harder to address.

Striking a feisty note at times, he vowed not to be cowed by his Republican adversaries in Congress and said he was willing to stretch the limits of his powers to change the direction of the debate in Washington.

“I will seize any opportunity I can find to work with Congress to strengthen the middle class, improve their prospects, improve their security,” Mr. Obama said. But he added, “I’m not just going to sit back if the only message from some of these folks is no on everything, and sit around and twiddle my thumbs for the next 1,200 days.”

Addressing for the first time one of his most anticipated decisions, Mr. Obama said he had narrowed his choice to succeed Ben S. Bernanke as chairman of the Federal Reserve to “some extraordinary candidates.” With current fiscal policy measurably slowing the recovery, many in business and finance have looked to the Fed to continue its expansionary monetary policies to offset the drag.

Mr. Obama said he wanted someone who would not just work abstractly to keep inflation in check and ensure stability in the markets. “The idea is to promote those things in service of the lives of ordinary Americans getting better,” he said. “I want a Fed chairman that can step back and look at that objectively and say, Let’s make sure that we’re growing the economy.”

The leading Fed candidates are believed to be Lawrence H. Summers, Mr. Obama’s former White House economic adviser and President Bill Clinton’s Treasury secretary, and Janet Yellen, the current Fed vice chairwoman and another former Clinton official. The president said he would announce his choice “over the next several months.”

DealBook: Morgan Stanley’s Head of Fixed Income to Retire

Richard Drew/Associated PressJames Gorman, chief executive of Morgan Stanley.Morgan StanleyColm Kelleher in 2003.

7:45 p.m. | Updated

Morgan Stanley has shaken up its once-powerful fixed-income department, announcing in an internal memo on Wednesday that Kenneth deRegt, the executive in charge of the business, is retiring.

Colm Kelleher, the company’s president of institutional securities, said Mr. deRegt would be replaced by Michael Heaney and Robert Rooney, both of whom have worked closely with Mr. Kelleher over the years.

The change puts a spotlight back on Morgan Stanley’s fixed-income division, which the Wall Street firm has been aggressively shrinking since the financial crisis. The division had been one of its biggest moneymakers. Now, thanks to new regulations and other pressures, it is a drain on operations. As a result, Morgan Stanley has shifted gears and has aggressively expanded into wealth management, which is a lower-return business but comes with less risk.

Mr. deRegt, 57, was a major overseer of the downsizing of the fixed-income unit. Under his watch, the department has stopped handling certain business lines, sold billions of dollars of assets and laid off hundreds of employees.

Morgan Stanley said he was leaving to join a new company, Canarsie Capital Group, as a partner. One of his sons works at the company.

Still, some people inside Morgan Stanley say the last few years have been tough on Mr. deRegt, having to oversee cutbacks. In addition, areas like interest-rate trading, a fixed-income business that Morgan Stanley has actually made a big push into, have not performed as well as some had hoped recently, putting additional pressure on Mr. deRegt.

The cuts in fixed income were an issue at Morgan Stanley’s recent shareholder meeting. Responding to questions from Michael Mayo, an analyst at Crédit Agricole Securities, about the company’s strategy, Morgan Stanley’s lead director, Robert Kidder, said that the board was focused on the department’s progress, and that it was a factor when the board reviewed the performance of the chief executive, James P. Gorman.

“The lead director reiterated that returns versus size are what matter, but we are still unsure where returns will wind up and feel the strategy is still somewhere between the bigger players and UBS,” Mr. Mayo wrote in a recent report, referring to UBS, which has sharply cut back its presence in fixed income.

Morgan Stanley has stressed that it does not want to get out of fixed income, but rather wants a slimmed-down franchise that can serve the needs of its clients and produce a decent return. As a result, it has been selling riskier assets that would require the holding of more capital to satisfy regulators. That way, it can free up capital and use it elsewhere, hopefully generating a decent return.

The announcement brings an end to Mr. deRegt’s long career at Morgan Stanley. He joined the company in 1981 and worked there almost his entire career.

Mr. Heaney was most recently global head of credit sales and trading, municipals and emerging markets credit. He joined Morgan Stanley in 1986. Mr. Rooney, who joined Morgan Stanley in 1990, was previously the head of fixed-income sales and trading for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and global head of fixed-income client coverage since 2009.

Sirius XM Reports Gains in Income and Subscribers

Sirius XM said revenue rose 12 percent, $897 million, from the period a year earlier, but was lower than the $906 million analysts had predicted.

Net income increased 15 percent to $124 million, while earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization — adjusted to eliminate some charges including the effect of the 2008 merger between Sirius and XM — were $262 million, up 26 percent from a year earlier.

Sirius XM earned 2 cents a share, one cent less than analysts had predicted.

The company’s subscriber growth continued to be a bright spot, even after a rare price increase last year. It was the first time Sirius had raised the subscription rate; XM had done it once before. Sirius XM gained 453,000 subscribers in the quarter, bringing its total to 24.4 million. In the last two years its subscriber ranks have grown 19 percent.

“Sirius XM’s first-quarter results show a continuation of our trend of strong, profitable growth,” Mr. Meyer said in a statement.

One concern for investors, however, is an increase in “churn” rate, a measurement of subscriber turnover. In recent years, that number had been gradually reduced to 1.9 percent, but in the most recent quarter it was 2 percent.

Mr. Meyer, who had been Sirius’s president for sales and operations since 2004, was named interim chief executive in December after the departure of Mel Karmazin. He was appointed to the post permanently in a separate announcement on Tuesday by Gregory B. Maffei, who became chairman on April 10.

Mr. Maffei is the president and chief executive of Liberty Media, which since 2009 had been Sirius XM’s largest investor and took over the company, which is based in New York, last year by acquiring a majority of its shares.

Sirius XM shares rose 18 cents, or 5.9 percent, to close at $3.25 on Tuesday.

Reports Show Income Is Up, and So Is Spending

Data reported on Friday also showed a rebound in income growth, putting the economy in a better shape to deal with tighter fiscal policy, particularly $85 billion in across-the-board federal government spending cuts known as the sequester.

“The economy is in a good place now in terms of momentum and strength, and it will need it as the government spending cuts will take something off growth as the year progresses,” said Chris Rupkey, chief financial economist at Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ in New York.

Consumer spending increased 0.7 percent last month after a 0.4 percent rise in January, the Commerce Department said.

Part of the increase in spending, which accounts for about 70 percent of United States economic activity, was because of higher gasoline prices. But Americans also bought long-lasting goods like automobiles and spent more on services. The price of gas rose 35 cents a gallon last month.

After adjusting for inflation, spending was up 0.3 percent after rising by the same margin in January. Economists said it was headed toward its fastest growth pace since 2010.

“It appears that consumer spending actually accelerated in the first quarter despite the tax hikes implemented at the start of the year,” said Daniel Silver, an economist at JPMorgan in New York.

Some economists bumped up their first-quarter economic growth estimates.

Barclays raised its gross domestic product forecast by 0.7 percentage point, to 3.3 percent. Macroeconomic Advisers lifted its estimate by three-tenths of a point to 3.5 percent. The economy grew a 0.4 percent annual pace in the fourth quarter.

A separate report showed that households this month seemed to shrug off the deep government spending cuts. The Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan index of consumer sentiment rose to a reading of 78.6, from 77.6 in February.

“Consumers have discounted the administration’s warning that economic catastrophe would follow the reductions in federal spending, and consumers have renewed their expectation that gains in employment will accelerate through the rest of 2013,” said the survey’s director, Richard Curtin.

And they have reason to be optimistic. With steady improvement in the labor market, income increased a healthy 1.1 percent after tumbling 3.7 percent in January.

Employment growth gained steam in February, factory activity touched a one-and-a-half-year high and first-time filings for jobless benefits have increased just modestly so far in March.

Last month, the income at the disposal of households after inflation and taxes increased 0.7 percent, after dropping 4 percent in January.

With income growth outpacing spending, the saving rate — the percentage of disposable income that households save — rose to 2.6 percent, from 2.2 percent in January.

The higher gasoline prices pushed up inflation, with a price index for consumer spending rising 0.4 percent after being flat for two straight months. February’s increase in the PCE index was the largest since August.

But a core reading that strips out food and energy costs rose only 0.1 percent after increasing 0.2 percent in January, showing no sign of underlying inflation pressures. Core prices were up 1.3 percent, well below the Federal Reserve’s 2 percent target.

The benign inflation picture should give the Fed room to continue with its monetary stimulus as it seeks to bolster job growth.

Economic View: The Minimum Wage, Employment and Income Distribution

I don’t believe that’s because economists care less about the plight of the poor — many economists are perfectly nice people who care deeply about poverty and income inequality. Rather, economic analysis raises questions about whether a higher minimum wage will achieve better outcomes for the economy and reduce poverty.

First, what’s the argument for having a minimum wage at all? Many of my students assume that government protection is the only thing ensuring decent wages for most American workers. But basic economics shows that competition between employers for workers can be very effective at preventing businesses from misbehaving. If every other store in town is paying workers $9 an hour, one offering $8 will find it hard to hire anyone — perhaps not when unemployment is high, but certainly in normal times. Robust competition is a powerful force helping to ensure that workers are paid what they contribute to their employers’ bottom lines.

One argument for a minimum wage is that there sometimes isn’t enough competition among employers. In our nation’s history, there have been company towns where one employer truly dominated the local economy. As a result, that employer could affect the going wage for the entire area. In such a situation, a minimum wage can not only make workers better off but can also lead to more efficient levels of production and employment.

But I suspect that few people, including economists, find this argument compelling today. Company towns are largely a thing of the past in this country; even Wal-Mart Stores, the nation’s largest employer, faces substantial competition for workers in most places. And many employers paying the minimum wage are small businesses that clearly face strong competition for workers.

Instead, most arguments for instituting or raising a minimum wage are based on fairness and redistribution. Even if workers are getting a competitive wage, many of us are deeply disturbed that some hard-working families still have very little. Though a desire to help the poor is largely a moral issue, economics can help us think about how successful a higher minimum wage would be at reducing poverty.

An important issue is who benefits. When the minimum wage rises, is income redistributed primarily to poor families, or do many families higher up the income ladder benefit as well?

It is true, as conservative commentators often point out, that some minimum-wage workers are middle-class teenagers or secondary earners in fairly well-off households. But the available data suggest that roughly half the workers likely to be affected by the $9-an-hour level proposed by the president are in families earning less than $40,000 a year. So while raising the minimum wage from the current $7.25 an hour may not be particularly well targeted as an anti-poverty proposal, it’s not badly targeted, either.

A related issue is whether some low-income workers will lose their jobs when businesses have to pay a higher minimum wage. There’s been a tremendous amount of research on this topic, and the bulk of the empirical analysis finds that the overall adverse employment effects are small.

Some evidence suggests that employment doesn’t fall much because the higher minimum wage lowers labor turnover, which raises productivity and labor demand. But it’s possible that productivity also rises because the higher minimum attracts more efficient workers to the labor pool. If these new workers are typically more affluent — perhaps middle-income spouses or retirees — and end up taking some jobs held by poorer workers, a higher minimum could harm the truly disadvantaged.

Another reason that employment may not fall is that businesses pass along some of the cost of a higher minimum wage to consumers through higher prices. Often, the customers paying those prices — including some of the diners at McDonald’s and the shoppers at Walmart — have very low family incomes. Thus this price effect may harm the very people whom a minimum wage is supposed to help.

It’s precisely because the redistributive effects of a minimum wage are complicated that most economists prefer other ways to help low-income families. For example, the current tax system already subsidizes work by the poor via an earned-income tax credit. A low-income family with earned income gets a payment from the government that supplements its wages. This approach is very well targeted — the subsidy goes only to poor families — and could easily be made more generous.

By raising the reward for working, this tax credit also tends to increase the supply of labor. And that puts downward pressure on wages. As a result, some of the benefits go to businesses, as would be the case with any wage subsidy. Though this mutes some of the direct redistributive value of the program — particularly if there’s no constraining minimum wage — it also tends to increase employment. And a job may ultimately be the most valuable thing for a family struggling to escape poverty.

What about the macroeconomic argument that is sometimes made for raising the minimum wage? Poorer people typically spend a larger fraction of their income than more affluent people. So if an increase in the minimum wage successfully redistributed some income to the poor, it could increase overall consumer spending — which could stimulate employment and output growth.

All of this is true, but the effects would probably be small. The president’s proposal would raise annual income by $3,500 for a full-time minimum-wage worker. A recent analysis found that 13 million workers earn less than $9 an hour. If they were all working full time at the current minimum — and a majority are not — the income increase from the higher minimum wage would be only about $50 billion. Even assuming that all of that higher income was redistributed from the wealthiest families, the difference in spending behavior between low-income and high-income consumers is likely to translate into only about an additional $10 billion to $20 billion in consumer purchases. That’s not much in a $15 trillion economy.

SO where does all of this leave us? The economics of the minimum wage are complicated, and it’s far from obvious what an increase would accomplish. If a higher minimum wage were the only anti-poverty initiative available, I would support it. It helps some low-income workers, and the costs in terms of employment and inefficiency are likely small.

But we could do so much better if we were willing to spend some money. A more generous earned-income tax credit would provide more support for the working poor and would be pro-business at the same time. And pre-kindergarten education, which the president proposes to make universal, has been shown in rigorous studies to strengthen families and reduce poverty and crime. Why settle for half-measures when such truly first-rate policies are well understood and ready to go?

Christina D. Romer is an economics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and was the chairwoman of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers.

Lowe’s Net Income Tops Expectations

NEW YORK (AP) — Home improvement retailer Lowe's Cos. credits cleanup efforts after Superstorm Sandy and its new pricing strategy for fourth-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street expectations.

The results are a sign that people are beginning to feel better about spending money on their homes as the housing market slowly recovers. Analysts will be watching Lowe's larger rival Home Depot's earnings report on Tuesday to see if its results show a similar story.

Lowe's CEO Robert Niblock said the company is seeing a pickup in spending even in areas of the country hit hardest by the housing slump, like Florida, Arizona and California.

"Rising home values have given homeowners additional confidence in spending on their homes," Niblock said in an interview with The Associated Press.

Lowe's net income fell 11 percent from last year's quarter, which included an extra week of revenue. Its earnings forecast for the year was below expectations but its revenue projection beat the consensus.

Mooresville, N.C.-based Lowe's has revamped its pricing structure, offering what it says are permanent low prices on many items across the store instead of fleeting discounts. It has also focused on hiring more workers and improving its inventory. In January it said it planned to hire 45,000 seasonal workers ahead of its busy spring season and add 9,000 part time employees on a permanent basis.

In a call with analysts, Chief Customer Officer Greg Bridgeford said the pricing strategy helped spur strong sales of cabinets and countertops, tools and outdoor power equipment.

During the quarter, the number of transactions fell 6.9 percent, mainly due to the extra week in the quarter a year ago. But average ticket rose 2.1 percent to $62.37.

Lowe's net income totaled $288 million, or 26 cents per share, for the three months ended Feb. 1. That's down from $322 million, or 26 cents per share, a year ago. Analysts expected 23 cents per share, according to FactSet.

There were 11 percent fewer shares outstanding in the latest quarter than a year ago. That increases the value of each share. An extra week in the quarter last year had boosted year-ago earnings by 5 cents per share.

Revenue fell 5 percent to $11.05 billion from $11.63 billion. Analysts expected $10.85 billion. Revenue in stores open at least one year rose 1.9 percent. The measure is a key gauge of a retailer's fiscal health because it excludes stores that open or close during the year.

Morningstar analyst Peter Wahlstrom said the quarter was generally good and in line with his expectations, helped by better gross margins — the amount of each dollar in revenue a company actually keeps — and a lower share count.

Standard & Poor analyst Michael Souers kept his "Sell" recommendation on the stock.

"While we see a modest recovery in housing, we see rising interest rates as a threat to home refinancing, a key driver of remodeling," he said.

For the fiscal year, net income rose 7 percent to $1.96 billion, or $1.69 per share, from $1.84 billion, or $1.43 per share. Revenue edged up to $50.52 billion from $50.21 billion last year.

Lowe's, which operates 1,754 stores in the U.S., Canada and Mexico, expects fiscal 2013 net income of $2.05 per share. Analysts expect $2.10 per share.

The company expects revenue to rise 4 percent, implying revenue of $52.54 billion. Analysts expect $51.69 billion.

Shares slipped 2 cents to $37.65 in morning trading Monday. They have traded in a 52-week range of $24.76 to $39.98.

Red Flags in the Analysis of Income Statements

Financial analysis is a complex and broad topic, so much so that books have been written solely on the subject. In this post, I highlight sample red flags that can be identified on an income statement. Attorneys often don?t need to understand all of the issues or answers when it comes to financial analysis of income statements; rather, they need to know how to identify red flags and what questions can be used to obtain additional information.

Red Flags in the Analysis of Income Statements

Financial analysis is a complex and broad topic, so much so that books have been written solely on the subject. In this post, I highlight sample red flags that can be identified on an income statement. Attorneys often don?t need to understand all of the issues or answers when it comes to financial analysis of income statements; rather, they need to know how to identify red flags and what questions can be used to obtain additional information.

Sales Lift Deere Income

MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — Tractor maker Deere & Co. is taking a cautious view of 2013, as drought and economic uncertainty hold back spending in some of the world's biggest farm economies.

Also, its most recent quarterly profit missed analysts' expectations. Deere shares fell $3.16, or 3.7 percent, to close at $82.83 Wednesday.

Deere is the world's largest maker of agricultural equipment, like the bright green tractors and combines that prowl farm fields during planting and harvest seasons. Its fortunes rise and fall with those of farmers.

In recent years, that's been a booming business as strong crop prices have put money in farmers' pockets. But there were signs of a slowdown in farm spending in Deere's outlook for the fiscal year that began this month.

And with the so-called "fiscal cliff" of potential tax increases and spending cuts looming in the U.S., Deere is cautious about big spending projects.

Deere expects agriculture sales in the U.S. and Canada to be flat for the year, as farmers continue to recover from a major drought in 2012. It predicted farmers will have $402.5 billion in cash receipts for 2013 — down by $2.5 billion from Deere's August prediction — but still higher than in 2012 or 2011.

It also predicted that European sales would be flat to down 5 percent, and little changed in Asia. It expects 10 percent growth in South America. Overall Deere predicted that worldwide equipment sales will rise 5 percent for the year.

Labor expenses are rising, too. Deere hired 5,000 more people this year to support its growth. And it will have spent $480 million shoring up its pension plans in fiscal 2012 — $5 million more than it had expected — and will spend some $550 million in the current fiscal year.

Still, it predicted a fiscal 2013 profit of $3.2 billion, slightly above the expectations of analysts polled by FactSet. It said prices for its equipment will rise 3 percent for the year, on top of a 4 percent gain in the fourth quarter.

In the quarter that ended Oct. 31, Deere's net income rose 2.7 percent to $687.6 million, or $1.75 per share. Revenue rose 14 percent to $9.79 billion. Analysts surveyed by FactSet expected earnings of $1.88 per share. A year ago Deere's net income was $669.6 million, or $1.62 per share.

Equipment sales rose to $9.05 billion, topping analysts' forecasts of $8.93 billion. Sales were strong in the U.S. and Canada, rising 26 percent for the quarter. Elsewhere, sales fell 2 percent. Sales of agriculture and turf equipment rose 16 percent, while construction and forestry equipment sales rose 7 percent.

In addition to farm equipment, Deere makes construction and forestry equipment such as backhoes, excavators, riding mowers and leaf blowers, making the company sensitive to movements in the global economy.

Deere is holding off on big spending projects as much as possible until January because of economic uncertainty, said Chief Financial Officer Rajesh Kalathur on a conference call.

"As the economics now become clearer, we may modify our plans. We will pull levers and cut down on investments if the scenario worsens, and we may accelerate our plans" if economies turn more positive, he said.

For the full fiscal year, Deere earned $3.07 billion, or $7.63 per share, up from $2.8 billion, or $6.63 per share, during the prior year. Revenue rose 13 percent to $36.16 billion for the year.

Red Flags in the Analysis of Income Statements

Financial analysis is a complex and broad topic, so much so that books have been written solely on the subject. In this post, I highlight sample red flags that can be identified on an income statement. Attorneys often don?t need to understand all of the issues or answers when it comes to financial analysis of income statements; rather, they need to know how to identify red flags and what questions can be used to obtain additional information.

Income Inequality May Take Toll on Growth

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Economix Blog: Housing Prices and Income Inequality

Why is the gap between rich and poor in America yawning ever wider?

The issue is urgent. As my colleague Annie Lowrey writes, there is growing evidence that income inequality impedes economic growth.

And one interesting explanation boils down to the high price of housing.

A recent paper by researchers at Harvard University argues that the prohibitive cost of living in the areas with the greatest economic opportunities has forced low-wage workers to migrate instead to areas with inferior opportunities.

“The best places for low- and high-skilled workers used to be the same places: California, Maryland, New York,” said Peter Ganong, a doctoral student in economics, who wrote the paper with Daniel Shoag, a professor of public policy. “Now low-skilled workers can no longer afford to move to the high-wage places.”

In this account, people aren’t moving to the Sun Belt because they want to live there. They are moving because they can’t afford to live in Boston. And the result isn’t just second-best for them; it also slows the pace of economic growth.

Basically, the economy works best when people can move where their skills are most valued. But for low-skill workers, the high price of housing means the cost of living in those places often exceeds the benefits of working there.

The trends are beautifully illustrated by three time-lapse graphics.

The first shows that average incomes by state converged between 1880 and 1980 as low-skilled workers moved to wealthier states. The second shows the pattern of migration, which has changed significantly over the last 30 years.

The third shows the increase in land-use regulations in rich states.

And here’s the crucial point: It doesn’t have to be this way. High housing prices are the result of public policies that discourage new development. Those policies are generally embraced by the residents of wealthy areas, who benefit, at least in the short term, from restrictions on the supply of new housing. But this paper is one more reason to worry about the long-term economic consequences.

Red Flags in the Analysis of Income Statements

Financial analysis is a complex and broad topic, so much so that books have been written solely on the subject. In this post, I highlight sample red flags that can be identified on an income statement. Attorneys often don?t need to understand all of the issues or answers when it comes to financial analysis of income statements; rather, they need to know how to identify red flags and what questions can be used to obtain additional information.